Which scholar introduced five components of second language acquisition?

Which scholar introduced five components of second language acquisition?

• A. Noam Chomsky
• B. Stephen Krashen
• C. James Cummins
• D. Steven Krashen

Answer: (D)

Stephen Krashen introduced five hypotheses that explain how people acquire a second language. He draws a clear distinction between acquisition, a subconscious process that happens through meaningful of language use, and learning, the conscious knowledge of rules. The Monitor hypothesis describes how the learned system can act as a time- and rule-checker for our speech, but not a primary driver of real-time communication. The Natural Order hypothesis suggests that grammatical structures are acquired in a predictable sequence, though the exact pace can vary among learners. The Input hypothesis emphasizes that progress comes from understanding language input that is just beyond what a learner can currently produce, often summarized as i+1. The Affective Filter hypothesis highlights how emotions—such as motivation, anxiety, and self-confidence—affect how readily language is acquired, with low anxiety facilitating learning. This framework guides instructional approaches toward providing rich, comprehensible input and creating low-stress learning environments that encourage authentic communication rather than heavy focus on explicit grammar drills. The scholar most widely associated with these five hypotheses is Stephen Krashen; be aware that variant spellings appear in different sources, but Krashen is the recognized name behind this theory.

Stephen Krashen introduced five hypotheses that explain how people acquire a second language. He draws a clear distinction between acquisition, a subconscious process that happens through meaningful of language use, and learning, the conscious knowledge of rules. The Monitor hypothesis describes how the learned system can act as a time- and rule-checker for our speech, but not a primary driver of real-time communication. The Natural Order hypothesis suggests that grammatical structures are acquired in a predictable sequence, though the exact pace can vary among learners. The Input hypothesis emphasizes that progress comes from understanding language input that is just beyond what a learner can currently produce, often summarized as i+1. The Affective Filter hypothesis highlights how emotions—such as motivation, anxiety, and self-confidence—affect how readily language is acquired, with low anxiety facilitating learning.

This framework guides instructional approaches toward providing rich, comprehensible input and creating low-stress learning environments that encourage authentic communication rather than heavy focus on explicit grammar drills. The scholar most widely associated with these five hypotheses is Stephen Krashen; be aware that variant spellings appear in different sources, but Krashen is the recognized name behind this theory.